Japanese Lesson 80: How to soften commands: 英語のレッスン８０：命令を優しく言う方法

Vocabulary:
語彙：

早い
はやい
fast; quick

帰る
かえる
return

優しくする
やさしく　する
be nice to someone

彼
かれ
he; him

待つ
まつ
to wait

行く
いく
to go

家
いえ
house

戻る
もｔどる
to come back

言う
いう
to say; to tell


As mentioned in Lesson 78, you can add the word 「ください」to the end of a command which is equivalent to saying the word "please" in English. There is also a less formal way to soften commands in Japanese. You can do this by adding the word "ne" 「ね」 at the end of the command.

Examples:
例文：

早く帰ってね。
はやく　かえって　ね。
Come back quickly, okay?

彼に優しくしてね。
かれ　に　やさしく　して　ね。
Be nice to him, okay.

待ってね。すぐ行きますから。
まって　ね。　すぐ　いきます　から。
Wait there, okay? I'll be there soon.

彼が家に戻ったら言ってね。
かれ　が　いえ　に　もどったら　いって　ね。
When he gets home tell him, okay.

Japanese Lesson 79: How to make commands II -- 英語のレッスン７９：命令形の作り方ＩＩ

Vocabulary:
語彙：

食べる
たべる

彼
かれ
he

もの
thing

話す
はなす
talk

着替える
きがえる
to change clothes

見る
みる
to look; see

触る
さわる
to touch

座る
すわる
to sit

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In lesson 78 we learned how to make positive commands. In this lesson we will learn how to make negative commands. Making negative commands is a little trickier than making positive commands.

To make a negative command you have to use the negative form of the verb and then add "de" 「で」.

Let's look at some examples:
例文：

そのバナナは私のバナナだよ。食べないで。
その　ばなな　は　わたし　の　ばなな　だ　よ。たべない　で。
That's my banana. Don't eat it.

彼は私のもの。彼と話さないで。
かれ　は　わたし　の　もの。かれ　と　はなさない　で。
He belongs to me. Don't talk to him.

今着替えているよ。見ないで。
いま　きがえている　よ。みない　で。
I'm changing. Don't look.

私のものを触らないで。
わたし　の　もの　を　さわらない　で。
Don't touch my things.

そこで座らないで。
そこ　で　すわらない　で。
Don't sit there.

Japanese Lesson 78: How to make commands -- 英語のレッスン７８：命令形

Vocabulary:
語彙

待つ
まつ
to wait

食べる
たべる
to eat

写真
しゃしん
picture; photograph

見る
みる
see; look

着る
きる
to wear

考える
かんがえる
to think

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Now that we have learned the ~te form for -u ending and -ru ending verbs we can make the command form in Japanese. The basic way to make a command in Japanese is to use the ~te form.

Examples:
例文：

そこで待って。
そこ　で　まって。
Wait there.

これを食べて。
これ　を　たべて。
Eat this.

この写真を見て。
この　しゃしん　を　みて。
Look at this picture.

そのジャケットを着て。
その　じゃけっと　を　きて。
Wear that jacket.

もう少し考えて。
もう　すこし　かんがえて。
Think about it a little bit more.

The above example is used when talking to friends or people you know well. To make the command less course you can add the word "kudasai" 「ください」　which means "please".

そこで待ってください。

これを食べてください。

この写真を見てください。

そのジャケットを着てください。

もう少し考えてください。

Japanese Lesson 77: ~te 「て」verb form for ~ru ending verbs

The following is a chart for all -ru ending type verbs changed to the -te form. This form is important to know in order to connect verbs together, connect phrases together and make commands in Japanese. We will learn how to do these things in future lessons.

An easy way to remember the ~te form: Simply change the past form ~ta and change it to ~te.

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 verb ending →　dictionary form →　command form

to eat
verb base = 　（食べ）る　（たべ）る
る　→　食べる　→　食べて
る　→　たべる　→　たべて

to wear
verb base =　（着）る　→　（き）る
る　→　着る　→　着て
る　→　きる　→　きて

to believe
verb base = 　（信じ）る　→　（しんじ）る
る　→　信じる　→　信じて
る　→　しんじる　→　しんじて
to get up
verb base =　（起き）る　→　（おき）る
る　→　起きる　→　起きて
る　→　おきる　→　おきて
to go out
verb base =　（出かけ）る　→　（でかけ）る
る　→　出かける　→　出かけて
る　→　でかける　→　でかけて

to throw away
verb base =　（捨て）る　→　（すて）る
る　→　捨てる　→　捨てて　
る　→　すてる　→　すてて

Japanese Lesson 76: ~te 「て」verb form for ~u ending verbs

The following is a chart for all -u ending type verbs changed to the -te form. This form is important to know in order to connect verbs together, connect phrases together and make commands in Japanese. We will learn how to do these things in future lessons.

An easy way to remember the ~te form: Simply change the past form ~ta and change it to ~te. If the past form is ~da, change it to ~de.

----------------------------------------
 verb ending →　dictionary form →　command form


to use
verb base =  （使）う　→（つか）う
う　→　使う　→　使って
う　→　つかう　→　つかって

to walk
verb base =　（歩）く　→　（ある）く
く　→　歩く　→　歩いて　
く　→　あるく　→　あるいて

to swim
verb base = （泳）ぐ　→　（ある）く
ぐ　→　泳ぐ　→　泳いで
ぐ　→　およぐ　→　およいで

to talk
verb base =（話）す　→　（はな）す
す　→　話す　→　話して
す　→　はなす　→　はなして

to wait
verb base =（待）つ　→　（ま）つ
つ　→　待つ　→　待って
つ　→　まつ　→　まって

to die
verb base =（死）ぬ　→　（し）ぬ
ぬ　→　死ぬ　→　死んで
ぬ　→　しぬ　→　しんで
to play
verb base =（遊）ぶ　→　（あそ）ぶ
ぶ　→　遊ぶ　→　遊んで
ぶ　→　あそぶ　→　あそんで

to drink
verb base =（飲）む　→　（の）む
む　→　飲む　→　飲んで
む　→　のむ　→　のんで

to decrease
verb base =（減）る　→　（へ）る
る　→　減る　→　減って
る　→　へる　→　へって

Japanese Lesson 75: "wa" and "ga" comparison -- 英語レッスン７５：「は」と「が」比較

Vocabulary:
語彙：

犬
いぬ
dog

猫
ねこ
cat

好き
すき
like

嫌い
きらい
hate

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As stated in the previous lesson about "ga". The particle "ga" emphasizes the words that come before it. The particle "wa" is a subject marker and is a pointer to the words that come after it.

1. 犬が好きだけど猫が嫌い。
いぬ　が　すき　けど　ねこ　が　きらい。
I really like dogs, but I really hate cats.

long explanation: I specifically like dogs (I may have other favorite animals too, but right now I want to emphasize that I really like dogs), but I also specifically hate cats (and there may be other animals I hate too, but right now I really want to show you that I hate cats.


2. 犬は好きだけど猫は嫌い。
いぬ　は　すき　けど　ねこ　は　きらい。
I like dogs, but I hate cats.

long explanation: Among animals, I like dogs in general (as well as some other animals), but generally I don't like cats either (as well as some other animals).


3. 犬が好きだけど猫は嫌い。
いぬ　が　すき　けど　ねこ　は　きらい。
I really like dogs, but I hate cats.

long explanation: I specifically like dogs (I may have other favorite animals too, but right now I want to emphasize that I really like dogs), and in general I don't like cats when it comes to animals.


4. 犬は好きだけど猫が嫌い。
いぬ　は　すき　けど　ねこ　が　きらい。
I like dogs, but I really hate cats.

long explanation: I like dogs in general as far as animals go, but among animals I specifically dislike cats.

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All four sentences are gramatically correct. However, sentences 3 and 4 are the sentences you would most likely hear a Japanese person say.

Japanese Lesson 74: Why Questions -- 英語のレッスン 74: Why の疑問文の作り方

Vocabulary:
語彙：

泣く
なく
to cry

遅れる
おくれる
to be late

食べる
たべる
to eat

分かる
わかかる
to understand

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To make a "why" question use the word "doshite" 「どうして」.

Examples:
例文：

どうして泣いているの？
どうして　ないている　の？
Why are you crying?

どうして遅れて来たの？
どうして　おくれて　きた　の？
Why did you come late?

どうして食べないの？
どうして　たべない　の？
Why aren't you eating?

どうして分かってくれないの？
どうして　わかって　くれない　の？
Why won't you understand me?

There is a another "naze" 「なぜ」 that you will often hear. It also means "why". The two words "doshite" and "naze" are always interchangeable. "Doshite" has a nuance of closeness in personal communication whereas "naze" feels slightly formal. You would use the word "naze", for example, in a business meeting or with a stranger with whom you prefer not to speak with a feeling of closeness. In the Kansai region (Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe) are of Japan, people often say "nande" 「なんで」 instead of "naze".

なぜ泣いているの？
なぜ　ないている　の？
Why are you crying?

なぜ遅れて来たの？
なぜ　おくれて　きた　の？
Why did you come late?

なぜ食べないの？
なぜ　たべない　の？
Why aren't you eating?

なぜ分かってくれないの？
なぜ　わかって　くれない　の？
Why won't you understand me?